...small set of cell-signaling mechanisms. The ubiquity...
...these messages? Cell signaling evolved early in...
...mates by chemical signaling. There are two...
...secretes a specific signaling molecule, a factor...
...billion years ago. Signaling systems of bacteria...
...suggest that ancestral signaling molecules evolved long...
...multicellular descendents. Cell signaling remains important in...
...The concentration of signaling molecules enables bacteria...
...called quorum sensing. Signaling among members of...
...Multicellular organisms release signaling molecules that target...
...of adjacent cells. Signaling substances dissolved in...
...other cases, the signaling cell secretes messenger...
...type of local signaling, when numerous cells...
...is called paracrine signaling. Synaptic signaling occurs...
...paracrine signaling. Synaptic signaling occurs in animal...
...cell junctions), local signaling in plants is...
...hormones for long-distance signaling. In hormonal or...
...hormonal or endocrine signaling in animals, specialized...
...example of long-distance signaling. An electrical signal...
...signal when a signaling molecule is released...
...stages of cell signaling are reception, transduction,...
...encounters a secreted signaling molecule? The signal...
...understanding of cell signaling by investigating how...
...epinephrine signal. Cell signaling involves three stages:...
...binding of the signaling molecule changes the...
...cellular activity. The cell-signaling process helps ensure...
...membrane proteins. Water-soluble signaling molecules bind to...
...suggest that this signaling system evolved very...
...and other cell signaling proteins is development...
...animals. Another chemical signaling molecule with an...
...transduction stage of signaling is usually a...
...of a specific signaling molecule to a...
...theme of cell signaling. Protein interaction is...
...predominate, and the signaling pathway and cellular...
...key components of signaling pathways (second messengers)....
...(second messengers). Many signaling pathways involve small,...
...messengers. The extracellular signaling molecule that binds...
...by disrupting G-protein signaling pathways. For example,...
...human conditions involve signaling pathways. One pathway...
...cGMP, as a signaling molecule. Its effects...
...the penis. Many signaling molecules in animals,...
...11.4 Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation...
...the cytoplasm. Many signaling pathways ultimately regulate...
...molecule in a signaling pathway may function...
...several different genes. Signaling pathways may regulate...
...breakdown of glycogen. Signaling events may also...
...via activation of signaling-pathway kinases that affect...
...source of the signaling molecule. Signal receptors...
...development of cancer. Signaling pathways with multiple...
...of this fine-tuning: Signaling pathways with numerous...
...steps between a signaling event at the...
...coordination with other signaling pathways. Overall efficiency...
...for the same signaling molecule, leading to...
...Scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes contribute to...
...complexes contribute to signaling efficiency. Rather than...
...together networks of signaling-pathway proteins at synapses....
...between cells. When signaling pathways were first...
...intersection points in signaling pathways is underscored...
...and with several signaling pathways, including those...
...properly organized and signaling pathways are disrupted....
...change in its signaling pathways must last...
...short time. If signaling pathway components become...
...external concentration of signaling molecules declines, fewer...
...receptors with bound signaling molecules is above...
...Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways Cells that...
...Ced-4 protein. The signaling pathways that feed...

...small set of cell-signaling mechanisms. The ubiquity...
...these messages? Cell signaling evolved early in...
...mates by chemical signaling. There are two...
...secretes a specific signaling molecule, a factor...
...billion years ago. Signaling systems of bacteria...
...suggest that ancestral signaling molecules evolved long...
...multicellular descendents. Cell signaling has remained important...
...The concentration of signaling molecules enables bacteria...
...called quorum sensing. Signaling among members of...
...Multicellular organisms release signaling molecules that target...
...of adjacent cells. Signaling substances dissolved in...
...other cases, the signaling cell secretes messenger...
...example of paracrine signaling, which occurs when...
...vicinity. In synaptic signaling, a nerve cell...
...target cell. Local signaling in plants is...
...hormones for long-distance signaling. In animals, specialized...
...example of long-distance signaling. An electrical signal...
...signal when a signaling molecule is released...
...stages of cell signaling are reception, transduction,...
...understanding of cell signaling by investigating how...
...epinephrine signal. Cell signaling involves three stages:...
...binding of the signaling molecule changes the...
...cellular activity. The cell-signaling process helps ensure...
...membrane proteins. Water-soluble signaling molecules bind to...
...suggest that this signaling system evolved very...
...animals. Another chemical signaling molecule with an...
...transduction stage of signaling is usually a...
...of a specific signaling molecule to a...
...theme of cell signaling. In fact, protein...
...predominate, and the signaling pathway and cellular...
...key components of signaling pathways (second messengers)....
...(second messengers). Many signaling pathways involve small,...
...messengers. The extracellular signaling molecule that binds...
...by disrupting G-protein signaling pathways. For example,...
...human conditions involve signaling pathways. One pathway...
...cGMP, as a signaling molecule. Its effects...
...the penis. Many signaling molecules in animals,...
...11.4 Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation...
...the cytoplasm. Many signaling pathways ultimately regulate...
...molecule in a signaling pathway may function...
...several different genes. Signaling pathways may regulate...
...breakdown of glycogen. Signaling events may also...
...via activation of signaling-pathway kinases. These kinases...
...source of the signaling molecule. Signal receptors...
...development of cancer. Signaling pathways with multiple...
...of the response. Signaling pathways with multiple...
...to respond to signaling pathways in specific...
...allows coordination of signaling pathways as well...
...for the same signaling molecule, leading to...
...Scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes contribute to...
...complexes contribute to signaling efficiency. Rather than...
...together networks of signaling-pathway proteins at synapses....
...between cells. When signaling pathways were first...
...intersection points in signaling pathways is underscored...
...and with several signaling pathways, including those...
...properly organized and signaling pathways are disrupted....
...change in its signaling pathways must last...
...short time. If signaling pathway components become...
...death) integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways. Cells that...
...Ced-4 protein. The signaling pathways that feed...

...(Agonists) 5 GPCR Signaling G-proteins GPCR Signaling...
...Signaling G-proteins GPCR Signaling 1 GPCR Signaling...
...Signaling 1 GPCR Signaling the G-proteins diffuse...
...ion channels) GPCR Signaling GPCRs can be...

...the type of signaling in which it...
...which activates a signaling pathway, which activates...